For example, if the authors of the first citation were “Smith, Jones, and Jackson,” the citation would be as follows:

If your reference has three or more authors, you use “et al.” instead of listing all the names. Note the format in the second example using only the citation numeral with “in” placed before it. In, it was determined that using antibacterial soaps and wipes were not as effective in preventing illnesses as once suspected. Smith and Jones found that a higher percentage of people contract viruses during winter. You can merely refer to the same bracketed numeral used in the first citation. When making references to the same author(s), it is not necessary to type the author’s name each time. When in doubt, use the preferred methods. Some publications will accept a somewhat altered format (e.g., ) but always check your author guidelines.

The final citation denotes a range and en-dash (not a hyphen) is inserted between the brackets. Note also that the first three citations stand alone and are separated by a comma and space. For example, when several citations are necessary, they would appear as follows: Wolves have a system of hierarchy that allows only the alpha male and female in the pack to mate. When the same reference is used throughout the document and you want to call attention to a specific page or illustration, you can format the reference as follows: Space is inserted before the bracket and punctuation is placed after the bracket. Each numeric citation is enclosed in brackets in line with the text. Wolves have the innate ability to limit the size of their litters based on the availability of food. Each reference has only one number associated with it, and the numbers are ordered in sequence. IEEE uses numerals within brackets to denote each reference as it appears in the text.

Ieee citation endnote example